Impact of Changes in Science, Technology, and Medicine (1953-1958)

Sections: Dwight D. Eisenhower Polio Polio Continued Polio Continued President Eisenhower Statement on the Polio Vaccine Video on the Salk Polio Vaccine Atoms for Peace National System of Interstate and Defense Highways The Space Race America's Science Education and Sputnik National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act of 1958

Dwight D. Eisenhower Top Historical Context Attached Documents In his inaugural addresses, attached here in two documents, President Eisenhower outlines his goals for each term of office. Questions to consider 1. How are Eisenhower's goals reflected in his actions as President? 2. In his second inaugural address, Eisenhower talks about his want for a peaceful world. What actions does he propose take in the future to achieve this goal? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Documents</i><br> In his inaugural addresses, attached here in two documents, President Eisenhower outlines his goals for each term of office.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. How are Eisenhower's goals reflected in his actions as President?<br> 2. In his second inaugural address, Eisenhower talks about his want for a peaceful world. What actions does he propose take in the future to achieve this goal? <br>      Eisenhower First Inaugural Address.rtf        Eisenhower Second Inaugural Address.rtf   Citations: Link to the original text of Eisenhower's First Inaugural Address: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen1.htm Link to the original text of Eisenhower's Second Inaugural Address: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen2.htm Link to the picture of Eisenhower's Inauguration: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/images/pi05003.jpg Link to the original text of Eisenhower's First Inaugural Address: <a href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen1.htm">http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen1.htm</a><br> Link to the original text of Eisenhower's Second Inaugural Address: <a href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen2.htm">http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen2.htm</a><br> Link to the picture of Eisenhower's Inauguration: <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/images/pi05003.jpg">http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/images/pi05003.jpg</a>

Polio Top Historical Context Attached Documents An April 12, 1955, Dr. Jonas E. Salk announced that a vaccine had been developed for the devastating Polio virus, which came to be known as the Salk Polio Vaccine. His introductory remarks are included here. Questions to consider 1. What problems did Dr. Salk envision for the vaccine? 2. In your opinion, how did the development of this vaccine contribute to medical research today? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Documents</i><br> An April 12, 1955, Dr. Jonas E. Salk announced that a vaccine had been developed for the devastating Polio virus, which came to be known as the Salk Polio Vaccine. His introductory remarks are included here.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. What problems did Dr. Salk envision for the vaccine?<br> 2. In your opinion, how did the development of this vaccine contribute to medical research today?<br>      Jonas E Salk Introductory Remarks on the Polio Vaccine.rtf   Citations: Links to the original text of Salk's remarks on the Polio Vaccine:http://www.med.umich.edu/medschool/chm/polioexhibit/intro_rem.htm Links to the original text of Salk's remarks on the Polio Vaccine:<a href="http://www.med.umich.edu/medschool/chm/polioexhibit/intro_rem.htm">http://www.med.umich.edu/medschool/chm/polioexhibit/intro_rem.htm</a><br>

Polio Continued Top Historical Context Attached Document This chart shows the transmission and death rates of Polio. Drastic changes in the death rates can be seen after the introduction of the Polio vaccine. Question to consider 1. How did the death and transmission rates varry from year to year and what contributed to this variation? 2. After Polio was first discovered in the population the case rate peaked. What do you think caused this peak? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> This chart shows the transmission and death rates of Polio. Drastic changes in the death rates can be seen after the introduction of the Polio vaccine.<br><br> <i>Question to consider</i><br> 1. How did the death and transmission rates varry from year to year and what contributed to this variation?<br> 2. After Polio was first discovered in the population the case rate peaked. What do you think caused this peak?<br>      Chart on Polio.pdf   Citations: Link to the original chart on Polio:http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/ChartsonPolioFigure1.pdf Link to the original chart on Polio:<a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/ChartsonPolioFigure1.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/ChartsonPolioFigure1.pdf</a><br>

Polio Continued Top Historical Context Along with paralysis, Polio also caused severe respiratory problems in many of it's victims. These respiratory problems forced many to be put inside Iron Lungs. An Iron Lung is today's version of a respirator. Questions to consider 1. Today's respirators look extremely different than the ones in the pictures below. How would you feel if medical technology had not progressed and we were still using the old technology? 2. How do you think medical technology will progress in the future years? <i>Historical Context</i><br> Along with paralysis, Polio also caused severe respiratory problems in many of it's victims. These respiratory problems forced many to be put inside Iron Lungs. An Iron Lung is today's version of a respirator.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. Today's respirators look extremely different than the ones in the pictures below. How would you feel if medical technology had not progressed and we were still using the old technology?<br> 2. How do you think medical technology will progress in the future years?<br> Citations: Links to the original photographs: Iron Lungs at Haynes Memorial Hospital in Boston August 1955: http://www.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_au05/resources/photos/ironlung_lg.jpg Iron Lungs in a Gym: http://americanhistory.si.edu/polio/historicalphotos/index.htm Links to the original photographs: Iron Lungs at Haynes Memorial Hospital in Boston August 1955: <a href="http://www.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_au05/resources/photos/ironlung_lg.jpg">http://www.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_au05/resources/photos/ironlung_lg.jpg</a><br> Iron Lungs in a Gym: <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/polio/historicalphotos/index.htm">http://americanhistory.si.edu/polio/historicalphotos/index.htm</a><br>

President Eisenhower Statement on the Polio Vaccine Top Historical Context Attached Document In this statment President Eisenhower urges the American public to get the polio vaccine. Quesiton to consider 1. What effect do you think the President's statement had on the vaccination rate? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> In this statment President Eisenhower urges the American public to get the polio vaccine.<br><br> <i>Quesiton to consider</i><br> 1. What effect do you think the President's statement had on the vaccination rate?<br>      Dwight D Eisinehower Statement on the Polio Vaccine.rtf        Statement by the President May 17 1958.pdf   Citations: Link to the original version of the President's statement: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/StatementbythePresidentMay171958.pdf Link to the original version of the President's statement: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/StatementbythePresidentMay171958.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/salk/StatementbythePresidentMay171958.pdf</a><br>

Video on the Salk Polio Vaccine Top Historical Context Attached Document Presented by the Natioanl Infantile Paralysis Association, this video Unconditional Surrender, tells the story of the Salk Polio Vaccine and the first child to ever recieve the vaccine. Included is a detailed description of the vaccine making process and the results of the vaccine. The video is broken into two parts because of the file size. The video runs about fourteen minutes. Questions to consider 1. What were to problems facing the commercial production of the vaccine? 2. How many types of Polio will the vaccine rotect against? 3. What chemical will deal the deadly blow to the virus? 4. What were the results of the Polio vaccine? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> Presented by the Natioanl Infantile Paralysis Association, this video Unconditional Surrender, tells the story of the Salk Polio Vaccine and the first child to ever recieve the vaccine. Included is a detailed description of the vaccine making process and the results of the vaccine. The video is broken into two parts because of the file size. The video runs about fourteen minutes. <br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. What were to problems facing the commercial production of the vaccine?<br> 2. How many types of Polio will the vaccine rotect against?<br> 3. What chemical will deal the deadly blow to the virus?<br> 4. What were the results of the Polio vaccine?<br>      Unconditional Surrender 01.mpg        Unconditional Surrender 02.mpg   Citations: Link to the original video: http://www.archive.org/details/Uncondit1956 Link to the original video: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/Uncondit1956">http://www.archive.org/details/Uncondit1956</a><br>

Atoms for Peace Top Historical Context On December 8, 1953, President Eisenhower addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations. The address he delivered was entitled Atoms for Peace. In this address, Eisenhower discusses the United State's Atomic program. He uses the United States as an example, because it is the only one which he believes is aware of all of the facts. He also stresses the importance of knowing just how devastating atomic weapons are. The Soviet Union had mixed reactions to Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace address. Attached Documents Attached here is Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" where he outlines what the allies need to do in order to create a peaceful world. The Soviet reaction is also included. Questions to consider 1. What does Eisenhower say are the goals of the United States in the endeavor? 2. What is the United States purpose in achieving this peace? 3. What steps does Eisenhower say the United States and its allies, Great Britain and France, must take in solving the problems with the Soviets? 4. What does he mean by Atoms for Peace? 5. What, if any, were the positive reactions of the address? 6. What were the negative reactions to the address, and how did you think they affected relations amongst all nations involved? <i>Historical Context</i><br> On December 8, 1953, President Eisenhower addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations. The address he delivered was entitled Atoms for Peace. In this address, Eisenhower discusses the United State's Atomic program. He uses the United States as an example, because it is the only one which he believes is aware of all of the facts. He also stresses the importance of knowing just how devastating atomic weapons are. The Soviet Union had mixed reactions to Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace address.<br><br> <i>Attached Documents</i><br> Attached here is Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" where he outlines what the allies need to do in order to create a peaceful world. The Soviet reaction is also included.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. What does Eisenhower say are the goals of the United States in the endeavor?<br> 2. What is the United States purpose in achieving this peace?<br> 3. What steps does Eisenhower say the United States and its allies, Great Britain and France, must take in solving the problems with the Soviets?<br> 4. What does he mean by Atoms for Peace?<br> 5. What, if any, were the positive reactions of the address?<br> 6. What were the negative reactions to the address, and how did you think they affected relations amongst all nations involved?<br>      Atoms for Peace Address.pdf        Soviet Reaction to Atoms for Peace Address.pdf   Citations: Links to the original Atoms for Peace documents: Address: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder13.pdf Soviet Reaction: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder15.pdf Links to the original Atoms for Peace documents:<br> Address: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder13.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder13.pdf</a><br> Soviet Reaction: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder15.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Atoms_For_Peace/Binder15.pdf</a><br>

National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Top Historical Context During his service in Germany, Eisenhower saw first hand how the Gremans effectively used highways to transport military goods. This experience motivated President Eisenhower to get the national system of interstate and defense highways started. For years before he took office plans were in the works to build such a system, but it lacked funding. Attached Document In this message to Congress, Eisenhower makes his case for the interstate system itself as well as for the funding to complete the project. The address is divided into four sections Questions to consider 1. If Eisenhower had not had the military experience that he did, do you think he would have been as passionate about the intersate system? 2. What are the reasons he lays out to Congress to garner support for the interstate system? <i>Historical Context</i><br> During his service in Germany, Eisenhower saw first hand how the Gremans effectively used highways to transport military goods. This experience motivated President Eisenhower to get the national system of interstate and defense highways started. For years before he took office plans were in the works to build such a system, but it lacked funding. <br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> In this message to Congress, Eisenhower makes his case for the interstate system itself as well as for the funding to complete the project. The address is divided into four sections<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. If Eisenhower had not had the military experience that he did, do you think he would have been as passionate about the intersate system?<br> 2. What are the reasons he lays out to Congress to garner support for the interstate system?<Br>      Message to Congress re Highways pg1.pdf        Message to Congress re Highways pg2.pdf        Message to Congress re Highways pg3.pdf        Message to Congress re Highways pg4.pdf   Citations: Link to the original message to Congress: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/InterstateHighways/InterstateHighwaysdocuments.html Link to the original message to Congress: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/InterstateHighways/InterstateHighwaysdocuments.html">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/InterstateHighways/InterstateHighwaysdocuments.html</a><br>

The Space Race Top Historical Context Attached Document This video is an artist's rendition of the first satellite launched in to space. This launch, completed by the Soviet Union, sparked the space race. <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> This video is an artist's rendition of the first satellite launched in to space. This launch, completed by the Soviet Union, sparked the space race.<br>      1957-10-07_New_Moon.mpeg   Citations: Link to the original video clip: http://www.archive.org/details/1957-10-07_New_Moon Link to the original video clip: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/1957-10-07_New_Moon">http://www.archive.org/details/1957-10-07_New_Moon</a><br>

America's Science Education and Sputnik Top Historical Context The lack of science education in America came to the forefront of politics after the Soviets launched Sputnik. The space race then became the motivation to increase funding for science education. Attached Document Attached in four documents is this memo which addresses the issue and its solutions. Questions to consider 1. What are the suggestions made for improving science education in America? 2. If the Soviets had not made the first move on space exploration, what do you think would have motivated the government to promote science education? <i>Historical Context</i><br> The lack of science education in America came to the forefront of politics after the Soviets launched Sputnik. The space race then became the motivation to increase funding for science education.<br><br> <i>Attached Document</i><br> Attached in four documents is this memo which addresses the issue and its solutions.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. What are the suggestions made for improving science education in America?<br> 2. If the Soviets had not made the first move on space exploration, what do you think would have motivated the government to promote science education?<br>      MemoofConversationPresRabiBerkneretalOct1619571.pdf        MemoofConversationPresRabiBerkneretalOct1619572.pdf        MemoofConversationPresRabiBerkneretalOct1619573.pdf        MemoofConversationPresRabiBerkneretalOct1619574.pdf   Citations: Link to the original documents from the conference on America's Science Education and Sputnik: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikdocuments.html Link to the original documents from the conference on America's Science Education and Sputnik: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikdocuments.html">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikdocuments.html</a><br>

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act of 1958 Top Historical Context Attached Documents The attachd memo for Dr. Killian lays out a stp by step plan for thr formation of NASA. It is included here as well as Eisenhower's statement. Questions to consider 1. What problems does the author of the memo see that could arrise during NASA's formation? 2. What aspect of NASA does the author feel will be the greatest propaganda for the United States? <i>Historical Context</i><br><br> <i>Attached Documents</i><br> The attachd memo for Dr. Killian lays out a stp by step plan for thr formation of NASA. It is included here as well as Eisenhower's statement.<br><br> <i>Questions to consider</i><br> 1. What problems does the author of the memo see that could arrise during NASA's formation?<br> 2. What aspect of NASA does the author feel will be the greatest propaganda for the United States?<br>      Memo for Dr Killian re NASA.pdf        Eisenhower Statement on HR 12575 NASA.pdf   Citations: Link to the original text of the memo to Dr. Killian: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/Binder18.pdf Link to the original copy of the Eisenhower Statement on NASA: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/17.pdf Link to the original text of the memo to Dr. Killian: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/Binder18.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/Binder18.pdf</a><br> Link to the original copy of the Eisenhower Statement on NASA: <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/17.pdf">http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/NASA/17.pdf</a><br>

Back To Module List  Back to Sections